Spectra-precision Survey Pro v4.6 Ranger User Manual Instrukcja Użytkownika Pobierz pdf (Strona 222)

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User’s Manual – GPS Mode

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Coordinate Systems

A coordinate system is a way to describe positions in a datum.

Coordinate systems range from simple Cartesian (y,x) or (N,E)

positions on a flat plane to complex geodetic latitudes and longitudes

on a reference ellipsoid.

Below is a description of some coordinate systems common in

surveying:

• Northing, Easting, Elevation

Survey projects usually use simple plane coordinates. You assume

your local datum models a flat earth, and you calculate coordinates in

a Cartesian system where the simple laws of plane trigonometry

apply. When a vertical coordinate is required, most survey projects

require orthometric elevations.

• Lat, Lng, Ht

Geodetic horizontal coordinates are usually

expressed as two angles called latitude and

longitude (φ, λ). Geodetic vertical coordinates

are usually expressed as the distance above the

ellipsoid called height. The angles describe a

point’s position on the surface of the reference

ellipsoid. The height describes the altitude

normal to the surface of the reference ellipsoid.

Fig. 1: Ellipsoidal Geodetic

Coordinates

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